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 TM 55-1905-223-SDC
a. Strength. In this ship, the main and hold decks and the shell, with their associated longitudinals,
e.g., wingwalls, constitute the principal strength members. Together with other decks, bulkheads, and
framing, the main deck and the shell carry the stress imposed on the ship by its weight and the action of the
sea. These structural members resist damage and possess a sufficient margin of safety to permit the ship
girder to withstand considerable structural damage without failure.
b. Watertight integrity. Watertight subdivision is provided to halt the ingress of water into the ship
after damage and to limit the spread of flooding. Generally, increasing the subdivision greatly enhances a
ship's ability to remain afloat following damage. Whenever flooding occurs at a substantial rate, the ship's life
is in jeopardy. Removal of flood water is futile until ingress is halted or slowed. Hence, watertight integrity with
the proper material condition must be strictly maintained before damage to ensure that any resultant flooding
will be localized; this is accomplished in the following manner:
(1) Transverse bulkheads are arranged to divide the ship into sections so that it can
withstand flooding of one major compartment.
(2) In order to avoid large heeling moments, longitudinal bulkheads are limited in number
to prevent off-center flooding.
(3) Rigid closure discipline of watertight doors, hatches, vent ducts, and so forth, must be
maintained before and during operations, underway or beached, where the ship may be exposed to
accidental or battle damage. Open doors and hatches will not reduce the effect of an explosion by venting it,
but will only permit flooding, fires, and other effects of the explosion to spread.
c. Stability. Adequate stability characteristics are provided to make a ship seaworthy and keep it
from capsizing after absorbing damage resulting in flooding of no more than one watertight subdivision.
Preservation of satisfactory stability characteristics requires adherence to liquid loading instructions,
remaining within the specified limiting drafts, removal of any unusual topside weights, and maintenance of a
proper degree of watertight integrity.
d. Proper displacement. Overloading has the adverse effect of reducing freeboard and reserve
buoyancy. Plimsoll marks on the sides of the ship show the limiting drafts. Limiting displacements and
drafts have been established for this ship. See the Trim and Stability Booklet.
e. Proper distribution of liquids. The Liquid Loading Diagram (FIGURE FO-1) shows the distribution
and amounts of liquids normally carried on board and the effect on trim and list of filling each tank with its
normal capacity of liquid.
5-6
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