TB-55-1900-232-10 U.S. Army Towing Manual

Custom Search

TB-55-1900-232-10

U.S. ARMY TOWING MANUAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL
SALVAGE TOWING.
TOWING SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
TABLE 1-1. U.S. Navy Open-Ocean Salvage Towing Ships.
TOWLINE SYSTEM.
Bitts, Padeyes and Hooks.
Chain Pendants and Bridles.
SECTION III. SAFETY SUMMARY
PRECAUTIONS
PRECAUTIONS - CONTINUED
PRECAUTIONS - CONTINUED
PRECAUTIONS - CONTINUED
PRECAUTIONS - CONTINUED
PRECAUTIONS - CONTINUED
CHAPTER 2 ELEMENTS OF TOWING-SHIPS AND HARDWARE
TABLE 2-1. U.S. Navy Craft Not Recommended for Open-Ocean Tows.
MANNED VS. UNMANNED TOWS.
SECTION III. TUGS
TUG DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS.
Modern Pneumatic And Foam Fenders.
FIGURE 2-1. ARS 6/38 Class Salvage Ship.
FIGURE 2-2. ARS 50 Class Salvage Ship.
FIGURE 2-3. ASR 7 Class Submarine Rescue Ship
FIGURE 2-4. ATS 1 Class Salvage Tug.
FIGURE 2-5. T-ATF 166 Class Fleet Tug.
FIGURE 2-6. ATF 76 Class Fleet Tug.
Figure 2-7. Typical Rubber Fenders.
Figure 2-8. Pneumatic and Foam Fenders.
SECTION IV
CHOCKS AND FAIRLEADS.
FIGURE 2-10. Types of Chocks.
FIGURE 2-11. Chain Bridles Using Plate Shackles and Safety Shackles.
TOW HAWSER.
FIGURE 2-12. Secondary Towline System.
FIGURE 2-13. Towing Rigs.
FIGURE 2-14. Towing Rigs (Plan View).
FIGURE 2-15. Towing Alongside.
FIGURE 2-16. Christmas Tree Rig.
FIGURE 2-18. Tandem Rig.
FIGURE 2-19. Nested Rig in Protected Waters.
FIGURE 2-20. Two-Tug Tows.
Horizontal Padeye.
FIGURE 2-21. Horizontal Padeyes.
FIGURE 2-22. Pelican Hook and Chain Stopper.
FIGURE 2-23. Vertical Free-Standing Padeye.
FIGURE 2-24. Smit Towing Bracket.
QUICK DISCONNECT SYSTEM.
FIGURE 2-25. Strap for Emergency Tow.
Chain Stopper.
FIGURE 2-26. Carpenter Stopper.
FIGURE 2-27. Chafing Gear.
Capstans And Gypsy Heads.
FIGURE 2-28. Capstans and Gypsy Head.
FIGURE 2-29. Almon A. Johnson Series 322 Towing Machine with Series 400 Traction Winch.
FIGURE 2-30. SMATCO Winch.
FIGURE 2-31. Multi-Sheave Traction Winch.
FIGURE 2-32. Towing Bitts and Aft End of ARS 50 Towing Machinery Room.
Towing Bows.
FIGURE 2.33. Towing Bows
Figure 2-34. Caprails.
Figure 2-36. Stern Rollers (T-ATF Class
Figure 2-37. Stern Rollers (ATS Class).
Figure 2-39. Norman Pins.
Figure 2-40. Bulwark Forward Limits.
SYNTHETIC LINE.
FACTORS FOR CONSIDERATION.
Figure 2-41. Towing Adapters.
Figure 2-42. Pear-shaped Detachable Links.
Figure 2-43. Shackles.
CHAPTER 3 TOWING PROCEDURES
TOWING COMMAND.
SHIP TOW PREPARATION.
Figure 3-1. Sample Provisions for Emergency Boarding of Tow at Sea.
Figure 3-2. Special Draft Markings.
Trim.
Figure 3-3. Securing the Propeller Shaft.
Structural Reinforcing.
Figure 3-4. Reinforcing Bottom Plating in Barges.
Figure 3-4. Reinforcing Bottom Plating in Barges. - CONTINUED
Figure 3-5. Securing the Rudder (sheet 1 of 2).
Figure 3-5. Securing the Rudder (sheet 2 of 2)
Navigation Lights.
Emergency Systems.
SECTION III
Figure 3-6. Methods for Securing Messenger to Towline.
Figure 3-7. Accepting a Tow in the Stream.
SECTION IV.
SECTION V
TUG STEERING.
FIGURE 3-8. Effect of Towpoint on Steering.
EQUIPMENT FOR CONTROLLING THE TOWLINE.
Hogging Strap.
FIGURE 3-9. Norman Pin Use.
FIGURE 3-10. Rigging of Hogging Strap on Ships without Horizontal Stern Rollers.
Location of Attachment Point.
PASSING THE TOW AT SEA (TUG-TO-TUG).
FIGURE 3-11. Passing a Tow at Sea.
SECTION VI
SECTION VII
SECTION VIII
Establishing the Relative Drift.
FIGURE 3-12. Across Sea/Wind Approach-Similar Drift Rate
FIGURE 3-13. Downwind Approach Crossing the "T" to Ship Lying Broadside to Wind /Sea.
FIRE.
SINKING TOW.
ANCHORING WITH A TOW.
REPLENISHMENT AT SEA WITH A TOW.
SECTION IX
FIRGURE 3-14. Liverpool Bridle.
FIGURE 3-15. Use of Liverpool Bridle on Stranding Salvage.
TOW AND BE TOWED.
FIGURE 3-16. Tow-And-Be-Towed.Adapted from NAVSEA DWG 804-4759441
FIGURE 4-17. NATO Standard Towing Link
FIGURE 4-17. NATO Standard Towing Link - CONTINUED
CHAPTER 4 SPECIAL TOWS
FIGURE 4-1. Williams Target Sled Rigged for Tow with Righting Line Streamed.
At the Firing Range.
Capsized Target.
SECTION III
SECTION V
OTHER TOWS.
CHAPTER 5 TOWING SYSTEM DESIGN
SECTION III
TABLE 5-1. Hydrodynamic Resistance of the Towline.
TUG SELECTION.
Figure 5-1. Available Tow Tension vs. Ship' Speed for U.S. Navy Towing Ships.
STEADY STATE TOWLINE TENS ION.
Figure 5-2. Towline Forces at Stern of Tow.
Figure 5-3. Towline Tension vs. Time.
CATENARY DEPTH.
Figure 5-4. Catenary Tension for 1 5/8-inch Wire Rope.
Figure 5-5. Catenary Tension for 1 5/8-inch Wire Rope.
Figure 5-6. Catenary Tension for 1 5/8-inch Wire Rope.
Figure 5-7. Catenary Tension for 2-inch Wire Rope.
Figure 5-8. Catenary Tension for 2-inch Wire Rope.
Figure 5-9. Catenary Tension for 2-inch Wire Rope.
Figure 5-10. Catenary Tension for 2 1/4-inch Wire Rope.
Figure 5-11. Catenary Tension for 2 1/4-inch Wire Rope.
Figure 5-12. Catenary Tension for 2 1/4-inch Wire Rope.
TOWLINE PEAK LOAD REDUCTION. Paragraph 5-4.2 qualitatively discussed the peak load that would be
Changing Towline Composition.
Table 5.2. Elongation of 1,000 feet of 6x37, 2-inch FC Wire Rope
Figure 5-13. Distance Between Vessels vs. Hawser Tension for 1,000 and 1,800 feet of 6x37 FC
SECTION V
TABLE 5-3. Operating Range for Automatic Towing Machines on Various Types of Ships.
TABLE 5-4. Safety Factors for Good Towing Practice.
Wire Rope.
Figure 5-14. Nylon Rope Grommet.
CONNECTION JEWELRY.
Other Connecting Links .
Figure-15. Types of Wire Rope Terminations.
SECTION VI
Figure 5-16. Minimum Padeye Design Requirements.
EMERGENCY INSTALLATION OF ATTACHMENT POINTS.
Figure 5-17. Sharing Towing Load Between Bitts.
SECTION VII
ESTIMATED BOLLARD PULL.
SECTION IX
Table 5-5. Battery Capacity Requirements.
FLOODING ALARMS .
Figure 5-18. Example of a Flooding Alarm Schematic.
APPENDIX A SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS IN TOWING
SPECIFIC SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
CONTINGENCY PLANNING.
APPENDIX B WIRE ROPE TOWLINE COMPONENTS
Figure B-1. Popped Core.
NEW HAWSERS
FigureB-3. Kinks and Hockles.
INSTALLATION OF NEW WIRE ROPE.
Figure B-5. Wallis Brake.
INSPECTION
Figure B-6. Nomenclature of Wire Rope.
Figure B-7. Measuring Wire Rope.
WIRE ROPE SPECIFICATIONS
Table B-1. Wire Hawsers Carried by U.S. Navy Towing Ships.
Table B-2. Nominal Breaking Strength of Wire Rope 6x37 Class, Hot Dipped Galvanized.
Figure B-8. Poured Sockets FED Spec. RR-S-550D Amendment 1.
TABLE B-3. Efficiency of Wire Rope Terminations.
ATTACHMENT A TO APPENDIX B, WIRE ROPE PROCUREMENT
Inch Wire Towing Hawsers for T-ATF 166 Class Ships
LUBRICATION
PRODUCTION
APPENDIX C SYNTHETIC FIBER LINE TOWLINE COMPONENTS
ELONGATION
TABLE C-1. Fiber Comparisons.
STOWING
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS
FIBER ROPE CHARACTERISTICS
FIBER ROPE CHARACTERISTICS
APPENDIX D ANCHOR CHAIN TOWLINE COMPONENTS
STRENGTH AND LIFETIME
INSPECTION
TYPES OF WEAR
CHAIN SPECIFICATIONS
PLATE SHACKLES
Table D-1. Die Lock Chain Characteristics (MIL-C-19944)
Table D-2. Navy Stud Link Chain Characteristics (MIL-C-24633)
Table D-3. Commercial Stud Link Anchor Chain
Table D-4. Commercial Detachable Chain Connecting Link.
Table D-5. Commercial Detachable Anchor Connecting Link
Table D-6. Commercial End Link.
Table D-7. Type I, Class 3 Safety Anchor Shackle (MIL-S-24214A (SHIPS))
Table D-8. Type II, Class 3 Safety Chain Shackle (MIL-S-24214A (SHIPS)).
Table D-9. Mechanical Property of Shackles (MIL-S-24214A (SHIPS)).
FIGURE D-1. Types of Chains and Connecting Links.
Figure D-2. Detachable Line with Identifying Marks for Assembly.
Figure D-3. Typical Method for Modifying Detachable Chain Connecting Links for Hairpin Installation.
APPENDIX E STOPPERS
STOPPER BREAKING STRENGTH
Figure E-1. Typical Stopper.
Figure E-2. Half Hitches.
Figure E-4. Crisscross Chain Stopper.
Figure E-5. Double Half-hitch Stopper.
APPENDIX F TOWING HAWSER LOG
TOWING HAWSER LOG - CONTINUED
ATTACHMENT A to APPENDIX F: TOWING HAWSER LOG
PART C: POST-OPERATIONS ENTRY
APPENDIX G CALCULATION PROCEDURE FOR TOW RESISTANCE DETERMINATION
SELF-PROPELLED SURFACE SHIPS
HULL RESISTANCE CURVES .
TABLE G-1: Calculation of Steady State Towing Resistance
Example 1: Filled-in Form for Calculation of Steady State Towing Resistance for DDG 2.
Example 1-Worksheet.
Example 2: Completed Form for Calculation of Towing Resistance for CVA.
Example 2-Worksheet
Example 3: Filled-in Form for Calculation of Steady State Towing Resistance for DD 963.
Example 3-Worksheet
TABLE G-2. Characteristics of Naval Vessels (sheet 1 of 3).
TABLE G-2. Characteristics of Naval Vessels (sheet 2 of 3).
Table G-2. Characteristics of Naval Vessels (sheet 3 of 3).
Table G-3. Beaufort Scale.
Figure G-. RH /∆ vs. Tow Speed.
Figure G-2. RS vs. Wave Height and Wind Force.
TABLE G-4. Drydock Towing Coefficients.
FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE .
TOTAL RESISTANCE .
4 TOTAL BARGE RESISTANCE .
APPENDIX H CHECK-OFF LIST FOR PREPARING AND RIGGING A TOW
General Characteristics:
General Characteristics:- continued
General Characteristics:- continued
General Characteristics:- continued
General Characteristics:- continued
General Characteristics:- continued
Flooding
Navigation:
Cargo.
Towing Gear'
Towing Gear' - continued
Towing Gear' - continued
Towing Gear' - continued
Special Considerations.
Remarks':
SAMPLE CERTIFICATE OF SEAWORTHINESS/DELIVERY LETTER
THIRD ENDORSEMENT
APPENDIX I TOWING PLANS
Figure I-1. Towing Plan No. 1-Chain Bridle with Chain Pendant.
Figure I-2. Towing Plan No. 2-Wire Bridle with Wire Pendant.
Figure I-3. Towing Plan No.3-Christmas Tree Rig, Chain Bridle.
Figure I-4. Towing Plan No.4-Christmas Tree Rig, Wire Bridle.
Figure I-5. Towing Plan No. 5-Honolulu Rig.
Figure I-6. Towing Plan No. 6-Four Barge Tow Ready for Streaming.
Figure I-7. Towing Plan No.7-Chain Bridle and Pendant in Christmas Tree Rig.
Figure I-8. Towing Plan No. 8-Flounder Plate.
Figure I-9. Towing Plan No. Plate Shackle and Pin for 2-inch Closed Socket.
Figure I-10. Towing Plan No. 10-Plate Shackle and Pin.
Figure I-11. Towing Plan No.11-Plate Shackle and Pin.
APPENDIX J TUG CAPABILITIES
Freeboard/Depth.
Bollard Pull.
Figure J-1. Tug Bollard Pull Vs. Towing Speed for Tugs with Controllable-Pitch Propellers and Nozzles.
Figure J-2. Anchor-Handling/Supply Tug.
FIGURE J-4. Salvage Tug.
Table J-1. Typical Commercial Salvage/Towing Vessels for Hire.
AVAILABILITY OF OCEAN-GOING TUGS .
AVAILABILITY OF OCEAN-GOING TUGS . - continued
APPENDIX K TOWING MACHINES AND TRACTION WINCHES
Quick Release of the Hawser under Tension.
TOW HAWSER SURGE LOADING AND AUTOMATIC TENSIONING
AUTOMATIC FEATURES ON TOWING MACHINES-GENERAL .
Automatic Features.
NAVY TOWING MACHINERY
FIGURE K-1. AAJ, Inc., " 50 Special"Automatic Towing Machine (ARS6/38 Class).
STOTHERT & PITT TOWING MACHINE (ATS 1 CLASS).
APPENDIX L ESTIMATION OF DYNAMIC
FIGURE L-1. Six Independent Ship Motions.
MOTIONS OF THE TUG AND TOW.
Wave Size, Angle and Frequency.
Yawing and Sheering.
INTERPOLATION WITHIN THE TABLES.
Wind Strength and Wave Height.
ARS 1 CLASS
ARS 50 CLASS.
ATF 166 CLASS.
FIGURE L-2. Extreme Tension ( Curves 0 to 24).
FIGURE L-3. Extreme Tension ( Curves 25 to 49).
FIGURE L-4. Extreme Tension ( Curves 50 to 74).
FIGURE L-5. Extreme Tension ( Curves 75 to 99).
TABLE L-1. T-ATF Towing YRBM Barge Displacing 650 Tons.
TABLE L-2. T-ATF Towing FFG 1 Frigate Displacing 3,200 Tons.
TABLE L-3. T-ATF Towing DDG 963 Destroyer Displacing 6,707 Tons.
TABLE L-4. T-ATF Towing AE 26 Displacing 20,000 Tons
TABLE L-5. T-ATF Towing LHA 1 Displacing 40,000 Tons.
TABLE L-6. ARS 50 or ATS 1 Towing YRBM Barge Displacing 650 Tons.
TABLE L-7. ARS 50 or ATS 1 Towing FFG 1 Frigate Displacing 3,200 Tons.
TABLE L-8. ARS 50 or ATS Towing DDG 963 Destroyer Displacing 6,707 Tons.
TABLE L-9. ARS 50 or ATS 1 Towing AE 26 Displacing 20,000 Tons.
TABLE L-10. ARS 50 or ATS 1 Towing LHA 1 Displacing 40,000 Tons.
TABLE L-11. ARS 38 Towing YRBM Barge Displacing 650 Tons.
TABLE L-12. ARS 38 Towing FFG 1 Frigate Displacing 3,200 Tons.
TABLE L-13. ARS 38 Towing DDG 963 Destroyer Displacing 6,707 Tons.
TABLE L-14. ARS38 Towing AE 26 Displacing 20,000 Tons.
TABLE L-15. ARS 50 or ATS 1 Towing LHA 1 Displacing 40,000 Tons.
APPENDIX M REFERENCES
APPENDIX M REFERENCES - CONTINUED
APPENDIX N GLOSSARY
APPENDIX N GLOSSARY - CONTINUED
APPENDIX N GLOSSARY - CONTINUED
APPENDIX N GLOSSARY - CONTINUED
APPENDIX N GLOSSARY - CONTINUED
APPENDIX N GLOSSARY - CONTINUED
APPENDIX N GLOSSARY - CONTINUED
APPENDIX N GLOSSARY - CONTINUED
APPENDIX N GLOSSARY - CONTINUED
APPENDIX N GLOSSARY - CONTINUED
APPENDIX N GLOSSARY - CONTINUED
APPENDIX N GLOSSARY - CONTINUED
APPENDIX N GLOSSARY - CONTINUED
APPENDIX N GLOSSARY - CONTINUED
APPENDIX N GLOSSARY - CONTINUED
APPENDIX O ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF CONTENTS
APPENDIX O ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF CONTENTS - CONTINUED
APPENDIX O ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF CONTENTS - CONTINUED
APPENDIX O ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF CONTENTS - CONTINUED
APPENDIX O ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF CONTENTS - CONTINUED
The Metric System and Equivalents
TB-55-1900-232-10
RECOMMENDED CHANGE TO EQUIPMENT TECHNICAL PUBLICATION
BLANK PAGE
By Order of the Secretary of the Army: